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Cockpit Chronicles: A gallon saved...
On a late night Atlantic crossing I turned to the captain, Dave, and announced, "1,900 pounds up on the fuel."We both looked at our running fuel log. "It must be the winds," he responded.
Dave and I regularly fly together and we make it a point to challenge each other not on who makes the best landings or who can fly the nicest approach, but which pilot burned the least amount of fuel on their leg.
Since we swap legs, each pilot gets a chance to throw down the gauntlet.
Clearly, this leg of Dave's to London from Boston was going to be tough to beat. Typically we'll try to fly at the optimum altitude and speed, taking into consideration our arrival time and the winds.
Tonight we were almost 20 minutes late, so Dave decided to push it up and request a speed of mach .81 for the North Atlantic crossing. And while we benefited from a couple of slight shortcuts from ATC, it was nothing that would've resulted in a 2,000 pound savings of fuel.
As we flew over Ireland, I took a second to plot the location of Ruthann's home, the Cockpit Chronicles chief editor and proofreader who lives in Ireland.
Yep, we'd be flying within 5 miles of her town. Her house was just north of Galway, and today was an amazingly clear day over Ireland, so I snapped a few pictures of the area where she lives.
Since she monitors the air-to-air frequency, I let her know we were abeam her home.
She was asleep, since she's rarely awake before noon on a weekend, but she did hear the call. She managed to roll out of bed, look out the window and snap a shot of us flying by before falling back asleep, I'm sure.
It's interesting to see the contrast between the two views, one from above and the other on the ground at exactly same moment.

As we approached London, I adjusted the shade on my window to stay out of the rising sun directly ahead of us. It was 4 a.m. back home, but we were approaching England at 9 in the morning and I felt amazingly awake. Clearly I prefer flying through the night to any departure before 8. As far as I was concerned, this was just another daytime flight.
Dave grumbled a bit about our 10 p.m. departure, but a few cups of coffee and he was his usual loquacious self.
Our flight plan had us consuming 65,500 pounds of fuel for the flight. Dave and I both knew the real fuel savings that could be had with just the right descent planning. Typically a flight might run very close to the planned fuel burn en route, but the descent, if done at the proper time and at the right speed-ATC permitting-was the point where the fuel burn would be hundreds of pounds less than the average amount used for our flight plan.
Sure enough, after a steady, constant idle descent that's required of flights landing in London, Dave touched down with 2,500 pounds more fuel than planned and 7 minutes earlier than the flight plan had figured.
After we cleared the runway and as we taxied toward the terminal, I called our company. They told me the gate, or 'stand' as they call it, was occupied by Air Canada and it would be at least 25 minutes before we could park.
At almost the same moment, Heathrow ground control called to tell us that our gate was occupied and that we could hold our position where we were.
Captain Dave, knowing his 2,000+ pounds of fuel would vanish with this kind of delay, turned to me and said, "Ask them if we could shut down here."
"Heathrow ground, it appears we're in for at least a 25 minute delay, any chance we could shut down here?" I complied.
Typically, most pilots would shut one engine down but they're reluctant to shut both down during an extended delay for fear that ATC might need them to move out of the way.
But Dave has demonstrated to me that it's possible to be up and running in less than a minute if one is willing to forgo starting the second engine when ground control asks us to move; a time that's reasonable enough.
Domestically, we're aware of the typical holding positions that ATC will assign, and permission to shut both engines down isn't always needed. But in London, I could tell Dave wanted to be sure we could loiter at this spot.
"Continue forward to the next taxiway and hold short there. You can shut both down when you get there," Heathrow ground responded.
We proceeded ahead, started the APU (auxiliary power unit) and shut both engines down. I monitored the ATC frequency as well as our company frequency and started the timer.
We were positioned perfectly to watch the incoming airplanes land on runway 9 left at Heathrow. With the engines shut down and the brakes set, this would be a perfect opportunity to snap a few pictures of the landing aircraft out the cockpit window.
And since it was a balmy 65 degrees, why not open the window? The glass on the side window of the 767 isn't that great, and an open window would hopefully yield some nice shots.

"This is nice," Dave said, noting the quiet cockpit and cool air coming inside. We took in the view for exactly 25 minutes before Heathrow ground told us our gate was opening up and we could start up to plan on taxiing in the next few minutes.

As we parked the brakes, I looked up at the fuel. 2,200 pounds–more than a ton of fuel saved.
When I stop to think how that 2,200 pounds of fuel or 328 gallons will power my car 14,760 miles–enough to cross the United States nearly 5 times, it becomes clear that whatever I do at home and while driving to save energy, nothing can compare to the positive impact I can have as a pilot if I just flew less like a hog.
Of course this saves money for our company and eliminates a good chunk of pollution, but I think Dave and I both enjoy the challenge. It's a satisfaction right up there with a nice approach and landing.
Cockpit Chronicles takes you along on some of Kent's trips as an international co-pilot on the Boeing 757 and 767 based in Boston. Have any questions for Kent? Check out Plane Answers.

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Reader Comments (Page 1 of 2)
PatD64 Jun 6th 2009 11:22AM
Fantastic read and wonderful pics! really enjoyable article! Is the APU a ground crew supplied cart that they need to hookup to your 767 or is it already aboard the airplane?
By saving all that fuel your not only environmentally conscious but hopefully made a much better profit on your flight for AA.Great job by you and your crew Kent.
Cheers! :-)
Patrick
SV Jun 6th 2009 9:07PM
The APU is a small turbine engine located in the tail of the aircraft. It can power the aircraft's electrical systems when the main engines are shut down, and provide starting power for the main engines. Being smaller than the main engines, it burns considerably less fuel.
When stopped at a gate, an aircraft's systems can use the airport's electrical power through an umbilical cable plugged into the bottom of the aircraft, but a high pressure air feed is needed to start the engines if the APU has been shut down.
Kent Wien Jun 6th 2009 9:12PM
Yeah, what SV said.
Perfect description. Thanks SV!
Kent
Ron Jun 7th 2009 1:46AM
I feel like pilots often say the APU on the Super80 isn't working, or that it's not working well? Would a plane stay in service if the APU was not working?
SV Jun 9th 2009 5:18PM
The APU, while convenient, is not critical to aircraft operation.
Without the APU (either if it is inoperative or just off), a ground "airstart cart" (or other high pressure air source) must be used to start the main engines; an aircraft cannot "turn itself over" without the APU. Generally, at the beginning of the day, an aircraft is "cold" with no engines active and an airstart cart is used to start the engines and fire up the APU.
Later in the day, when on the ground the main engines can be shut down when practical in order to save fuel; if the APU is operative and running the main engines can be restarted at the pilot's command, on a moment's notice. Without the APU, the main engines have to be started with the help of ground crew and an airstart cart.
The simple solution to this is to keep at least one engine running in order to maintain hydraulic pressure and power the aircraft's electrical systems. With one main engine turning, bleed air can be fed into the remaining engine(s) to power them up. This uses more fuel than powering down the main engines and using the APU "on the ground", but is not at all dangerous and does not impact aircraft performance.
Todd Jun 6th 2009 11:27AM
great job, and really interesting! i guess you guys are doing more than deciding what to eat up there! ;-)
hope to see you on a flight soon,
todd
Kent Wien Jun 6th 2009 11:35AM
Todd, the meal choice is by far the hardest decision we make! I like to defer that one to the captain. I shudder to think what'll happen when I HAVE to decide!
Justin Glow Jun 6th 2009 11:32AM
That 2nd picture is cool -- from the ground looking up, and from the plane looking down.
Kent Wien Jun 6th 2009 11:36AM
Yeah, I thought we were bigger than that. Makes 'ya feel kind of tiny, doesn't it?
Jon Jun 6th 2009 1:30PM
Very cool! Imagine if the industry encouraged all pilots to fly in this manner. The fuel savings and reduction of pollution would astronomical.
Julie Jun 6th 2009 5:12PM
I love those comparison photos from above and down below too! It is also amazing that y'all were able to save that much fuel. I knew it could be saved to an extent, but I had no idea that much could be conserved. Awesome!
Kent Wien Jun 6th 2009 9:11PM
I should mention Julie that it could go either way. We just arrived in Paris today initially down 700 pounds and arrived only at the flight planned fuel. So there's no guarantee. But we tried!
dustin Jun 6th 2009 5:35PM
thats a nice fuel saving kent, plus it doesnt hurt that by flying slower your not only saving fuel but since your flying slower you get paid more. plus the getting there earlier and getting an extra 25 minutes of pay to take pictures and plane watch doesnt hurt either.
Kent Wien Jun 6th 2009 9:09PM
Yeah Dustin,
But we usually only use the 'slow it up' technique when we're going to arrive 10 or 20 minutes early. If we're late, we'll pick up the speed to a reasonable number, say .81 or so and save the fuel by descending as late as possible.
Mark Sherman Jun 7th 2009 2:05AM
Ron,
I'm and aircraft mechanic but don't work on airliners, but since your question has not been addressed, I will throw in some of my knowledge. All airliners use an MEL (minimum equipment list) to direct the pilots and mechanics as to what they may and may not allow to be inoperative and still operate the plane. On many items, they can be inoperative, but there are added limitations to how you will operate the aircraft. For instance on the King Airs I fly, I can deffer a fuel transfer pump, but that means 1/2 hour worth of fuel is unuseable. Also, I can defer 1 of the 4 fuel gauges, but I can't have a transfer pump and a fuel gauge deferred at the same time. As for APUs, it would not surprise me if they were on the MEL with some sort of limitation, but we would need to find an MD80 pilot to confirm or deny that.
Ron Jun 7th 2009 6:07PM
Mark-
Thanks for the reply. I figured it was probably a MEL type of thing! I am curious now to find out the exact limitations. I know it's not fun when it's not working @ DFW in the summer. I bet Kent will know! :-)
Kent Wien Jun 7th 2009 6:11PM
Hi Ron,
It's far too common to have an APU out of service as far as the pilots are concerned. When this happens, we make sure the station has pre-conditioned air available at the warm destinations.
When you arrive, they hook up ground power at the gate and the pre-conditioned air. To start the engines, we need a high pressure source of air to spin up the engines before adding fuel to get them going. So that unit makes a ton of noise, adding to the inconvenience.
For me, I'd say 1 in a hundred flights might have an inoperative APU that's scheduled to be fixed soon. As Mark said, it's in the MEL and there aren't many restrictions to flying without an APU.
Rishi Jun 7th 2009 5:28PM
Hi F/O Kent:
I thoroughly enjoyed this post. Very, very super interesting, and who would have known that pilots try to out beat their fellows in fuel consumption. The Sierra Club would be ecstatic.
I t’s so cool that you radioed your editor, Ruthann, when you flew abeam her house in Ireland and that have photos of the two differing views. That’s bound to be classic!
Just wondering, for fun: What did you say to let her know that you’re over her house? (and this was over the ATC frequency, which she was listening to?) Was it something like this, “Ruthann house, American Airlines flight XYZ with you at FL350 abeam your house. Request that you dress-up and get outside”?
Regards,
Rishi
Mike Aug 6th 2009 9:07PM
Kent,
I am relatively new to your website, but not to the love of aviation. I wanted to ask your opinion about the speeds of aircraft. It seems that even new airplanes like the 787 and the A380 all have relatively the same cruise and maximum operating speed, usually around M.80- M.85 or so. Is this simply a limit of current technology or is it rather limits imposed by the FAA. From the 757 produced nearly 20 years ago, to even the newer airplanes such as the 777, why havent there been any dramatic changes in ops/max speeds (with the exception of the concorde) for the commercial airline industry?
InsolentQ Jul 2nd 2009 8:54AM
Mike.
The one-word answer to your question is "physics." As the speed of a vehicle approaches the speed of sound, the drag starts to go way up. In aerospace, this is often referred to as the "transonic drag rise". Without the transonic drag rise, drag basically scales with velocity squared. Once you approach or hit the drag divergence Mach number, the overall drag rises much more rapidly than just an extrapolation of the velocity-squared value.
As to your question about "descending as late as possible", it is because turbine engines operate more efficiently at higher altitudes, close to their cruise design point. Also with the lower density at altitude, aircraft drag is lower as well (for a fixed speed). So the more distance you cover when operating efficiently, the lower the overall fuel consumption will be.